The Comparative Anatomy of Eating                                                                              by Milton R. Mills, M.D.

	1 -Facial Muscles	2 - Jaw Type	3 - Jaw Joint Location	4 - Jaw Motion
Carnivore	Reduced to allow wide mouth gape	Angle not expanded	On same plane as molar teeth	Shearing; minimal side-to-side motion
Herbivore	Well-developed	Expanded angle	Above the plane of the molars	No shear; good side-to-side, front-to-back
Omnivore	Reduced	Angle not expanded	On same plane as molar teeth	Shearing; minimal side-to-side
Human	Well-developed	Expanded angle	Above the plane of the molars	No shear; good side-to-side, front-to-back

	5 - Major Jaw Muscles	6 - Mouth Opening vs. Head Size	7 - Teeth (Incisors)	8 - Teeth (Canines)
Carnivore	Temporalis	Large	Short and pointed	Long, sharp and curved
Herbivore	Masseter and pterygoids	Small	Broad, flattened and spade shaped	Dull and short or long (for defense), or none
Omnivore	Temporalis	Large	Short and pointed	Long, sharp and curved
Human	Masseter and pterygoids	Small	Broad, flattened and spade shaped	Short and blunted

	9 - Teeth (Molars)	10 - Chewing	11 - Saliva	12 - Stomach Type
Carnivore	Sharp, jagged and blade shaped	None; swallows food whole	No digestive enzymes	Simple
Herbivore	Flattened with cusps vs complex surface	Extensive chewing necessary	Carbohydrate digesting enzymes	Simple or multiple chambers
Omnivore	Sharp blades and/or flattened	Swallows food whole and/or simple crushing	No digestive enzymes	Simple
Human	Flattened with nodular cusps	Extensive chewing necessary	Carbohydrate digesting enzymes	Simple

	13 - Stomach Acidity	14 - Stomach Capacity	15 - Length of Small Intestine	16 - Colon
Carnivore	Less than or equal to pH 1 with food in stomach	60% to 70% of total volume of digestive tract	3 to 6 times body length	Simple, short and smooth
Herbivore	pH 4 to 5 with food in stomach	Less than 30% of total volume of digestive tract	10 to more than 12 times body length	Long, complex; may be sacculated
Omnivore	Less than or equal to pH 1 with food in stomach	60% to 70% of total volume of digestive tract	4 to 6 times body length	Simple, short and smooth
Human	pH 4 to 5 with food in stomach	21% to 27% of total volume of digestive tract	10 to 11 times body length	Long, sacculated

	17 - Liver	18 - Kidney	19 - Nails
Carnivore	Can detoxify vitamin A	Extremely concentrated urine	Sharp claws
Herbivore	Cannot detoxify vitamin A	Moderately concentrated urine	Flattened nails or blunt hooves
Omnivore	Can detoxify vitamin A	Extremely concentrated urine	Sharp claws
Human	Cannot detoxify vitamin A	Moderately concentrated urine	Flattened nails